The Musculoskeletal System Essay Assignment paper

Describe the process of bone formation and growth.
Chapter 15
The Musculoskeletal System

We will write a custom paper on
 The Musculoskeletal System Essay Assignment paper
specifically for you.

Learning Objectives

Define terms relating to the structure and function of bones, joints, and muscles.
Describe the process of bone formation and growth.
Locate and name the major bones of the body.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives (cont’d.)

Best nursing writers on hand. Order a custom-written, plagiarism-free nursing paper on The Musculoskeletal System Essay Assignment paper from the best nursing essay writers.

Analyze the combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes used to describe bones, joints, and muscles.
Explain various musculoskeletal disease conditions and terms related to bone fractures.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives (cont’d.)

Describe important laboratory tests and clinical procedures related to the musculoskeletal system, and recognize relevant abbreviations.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 15
Lesson 15.1

Introduction

Musculoskeletal System: bones, muscles, and joints of the body

Bones: structural support and protection of internal organs

Muscles: internal and external movement

Joints: where bones come together/type determined by need for flexibility

Which bones are located in the face?

Which bones support and protect the internal organs of the body?

Which muscles are most often used when an athlete is in training to run in a marathon?

What are common joint injuries?

Physicians Associated with Musculoskeletal System

Orthopedist: MD, bones, bone disease
Rheumatologist: MD, joints
Osteopathic physician: DO, body able to heal itself with proper nutrition and bone alignment
Chiropractor: physical manipulation of the spinal column to relieve pressures on nerves
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Ask students who have had a broken bone to report to the class about the situation. Which bone was broken? How long did it take to heal? What was the treatment? Were any tests or procedures given prior to the diagnosis?

Best nursing writers on hand. Order a custom-written, plagiarism-free nursing paper on The Musculoskeletal System Essay Assignment paper from the best nursing essay writers.

BONE FORMATION

Ossification: replacement of cartilage with bone

Cells:
osteoblast: produce immature bony tissue that replaces cartilage
osteocyte: nourishes and maintains bone
osteoclast: reabsorb or digest bone (remodels bone)
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Discuss bone formation and remodeling throughout life.

What steps can people take to help with bone formation?

Calcium: what role does it play? How much is enough? Where can you find it?

How does phosphorous affect bones?

Why is Vitamin D so valuable to the bones?

BONE FORMATION

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts work to deposit and tear down bone throughout life.
The skeleton is a source of calcium.
Proper formation of bone depends on sources of calcium, phosphorous, and vitamin D.
Calcium phosphate enzyme helps create hard bone from these sources.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Which foods provide Vitamin D? How does Vitamin D affect bones?

How much Vitamin D do you need per day?

BONE FORMATION

Reservoir for calcium storage
Calcium necessary for nerve transmittal to muscle, including heart muscle and muscles attached to bones
Calcium level maintained in blood by parathyroid gland, which secretes a hormone to release calcium from bone
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Where is the parathyroid gland located and how does it function?

What happens when you have too much calcium?

What happens if you have too little calcium?

BONE STRUCTURE

Long, short, flat, sesamoid (in shape)
Diaphysis: shaft
Epiphysis: end
Metaphysis: cone-like flared portion between end and shaft
Epiphyseal line or plate: growth plate where cartilage replaced by bone for bone growth (in length)
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

What minerals and vitamins help with bone formation?

What happens if a bone is incorrectly formed?

Bone Structure (cont’d.)

(A) Divisions of a long bone and interior structure

(B) composition of compact (cortical) bone

Fill in the correct names where the numbers are located using the text.

Bone Structure (cont’d.)

(A) Divisions of a long bone and interior structure

(B) composition of compact (cortical) bone

Fill in the correct names where the numbers are located using the text.

Best nursing writers on hand. Order a custom-written, plagiarism-free nursing paper on The Musculoskeletal System Essay Assignment paper from the best nursing essay writers.

Bone Structure (cont’d.)

Ends of bones covered by articular cartilage in the joint: cushions joint and allows it to move smoothly
Compact bone: contains haversian systems for blood vessels, nerves, and yellow bone marrow (mostly fat)
Cancellous (spongy/trabecular bone): spaces contain red bone marrow with elements for blood formation
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Which of these bones is porous? How does this occur?

As a child ages, what happens to the red bone marrow? Where is it located in young children?

Bone Marrow

Yellow marrow: chiefly fat
Red marrow: rich with blood vessels and immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development; in later life replaced with yellow marrow
Ribs, pelvic bone, sternum, vertebrae, epiphyses of long bones
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

What is the function of bone marrow?

Bone Processes and Depressions

Processes: serve as attachments for muscles and tendons
Depressions: openings or hollow regions help join bones or serve as passageways for nerves and/or vessels
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

What are the major named processes and depressions?

Bone Processes and Depressions

Cranial Bones

What are the important bones of the skull?

How do they correspond to the brain?

Why do newborn babies need to have their heads well protected?

What happens when a baby is severely shaken?

Cranial Bones

What are the important bones of the skull?

How do they correspond to the brain?

Why do newborn babies need to have their heads well protected?

What happens when a baby is severely shaken?

Cranial Bones and
Associated Structures

Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
temporomandibular (TMJ) joint
mastoid process
styloid process
Occipital bone
foramen magnum (depression)
Sphenoid bone
sella turcica (depression)
Ethmoid bone
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Which bones aid in chewing, seeing, and breathing?

Facial Bones

Ask students to insert correct names of bones in the numbered diagram.

Best nursing writers on hand. Order a custom-written, plagiarism-free nursing paper on The Musculoskeletal System Essay Assignment paper from the best nursing essay writers.

Facial Bones

Ask students to review correct names of bones in the numbered diagram.

Facial Bones (cont’d.)

Nasal bones
Lacrimal bones
Maxillary bones
Mandibular bones
Zygomatic bones
Vomer
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Which bones contain fossae for lacrimal gland and canals for duct?

What condition occurs if the maxillary bones do not separate at birth? (cleft palate)

Which bones might be adjusted during rhinoplasty?

What are the “cheek bones”?

SINUSES

Air cavities located in facial and cranial bones. They lighten the skull and warm and moisten the air as it passes into the respiratory system.

Vertebral Column and Vertebrae

Why is the human vertebral column subject to injury?

Vertebral Column and Vertebrae (cont’d.)

Vertebrae: 26 bone segments from base of skull to tailbone in five divisions and separated by pads of cartilage called intervertebral disks.
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
Coccyx: tailbone
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

What are the 4 vertebral regions?

How many bones are there in each region?

Way to help students remember the numbers:

Cervical 7 am breakfast

Thoracic 12 pm lunch

Lumbar 5 pm dinner

Best nursing writers on hand. Order a custom-written, plagiarism-free nursing paper on The Musculoskeletal System Essay Assignment paper from the best nursing essay writers.

BONES
Thorax, Pelvis and Extremities

Ask students to insert names on diagram with class.

BONES
Thorax, Pelvis and Extremities

Ask students to insert names on diagram with class.

Thorax, Pelvis and Extremities (cont’d.)

Thorax

clavicle

scapula

sternum

ribs

Arm and Hand

humerus

ulna

radius

carpals

metacarpals

phalanges

Pelvis

pelvic girdle

ilium

ischium

pubis

Ask students to close their textbooks and then identify the bones listed on their own bodies.

Which are the true ribs? How are they connected to the sternum?

Which are false ribs? Why are they so designated?

Which are the proximal, middle, and distal phalanges?

Bones of Leg and Foot

There are seven bones of the leg and foot.

Have students identify bones shown in the figure.

Bones of Leg and Foot and Associated Structures

Femur
acetabulum
Patella
Tibia
medial malleolus
Fibula
lateral malleolus
talus
Tarsals
calcaneus
talus
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Which are the bones of the foot?

What happens if you wear shoes that are too small?

Which is the largest bone in the body?

QUICK QUIZ:

The knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint…

fossa

condyle

tubercle

diaphysis

CORRECT Answer is B, condyle

Best nursing writers on hand. Order a custom-written, plagiarism-free nursing paper on The Musculoskeletal System Essay Assignment paper from the best nursing essay writers.

Process of bone formation____________

olecranon

ossification

osteoblast

xiphoid process

QUICK QUIZ:

CORRECT Answer is B, ossification

GENERAL TERMS

COMBINING FORMS

calc/o calcium
calci/o calcium
kyph/o posterior curvature in thoracic region
lamin/o lamina
lord/o curve
lumb/o loins, lower back
Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES

GENERAL TERMS

COMBINING FORMS

myel/o bone marrow
orth/o straight
oste/o bone
scoli/o crooked
spondyl/o vertebra
vertebr/o vertebra
Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES

GENERAL TERMS

SUFFIXES

-blast embryonic cell
-clast to break
-listhesis slipping
-malacia softening
-physis to grow
-porosis pore, passage
-tome instrument to cut
Suffix Meaning

COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES

TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES

COMBINING FORMS

acetabul/o acetabulum (hip socket)
calcane/o calcaneus (heal)
carp/o carpals (wrist bones)
clavicul/o clavicle (collar bone)
cost/o ribs
crani/o cranium (skull)
Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES

TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES

COMBINING FORMS

femor/o femur (thigh bones)
fibul/o fibula (smaller lower leg bone)
humer/o humerus (upper arm bone)
ili/o ilium (upper part of pelvic bone)
ischi/o ischium (part of pelvic bone)
malleol/o malleolus
Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES

TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES

COMBINING FORMS

mandibul/o mandible (lower jaw bone)
maxill/o maxilla (upper jaw bone)
metacarp/o metacarpals (hand bones)
metatars/o metatarsals (foot bones)
olecran/o olecranon (elbow)
patell/o patella (kneecap)
pelv/i pelvis
Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES

TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES

COMBINING FORMS

perone/o fibula
phalang/o phalanges (finger, toe bones)
pub/o pubis
radi/o radius
scapul/o scapula (shoulder blade)
Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES

Best nursing writers on hand. Order a custom-written, plagiarism-free nursing paper on The Musculoskeletal System Essay Assignment paper from the best nursing essay writers.

TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES

COMBINING FORMS

stern/o sternum (breastbone)
tars/o tarsals
tibi/o tibia (shin bone)
uln/o ulna (lower arm bone)
Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES

PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS

Ewing sarcoma: malignant bone tumor
exostosis: bony growth on surface of bone
osteogenic sarcoma: malignant tumor arising from bone
osteomalacia: softening of bone
osteomyelitis: inflammation secondary to infection
osteoporosis
talipes: congenital abnormality of hindfoot involving the talus (clubfoot)
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Ask students to describe a Ewing sarcoma. How old are people who suffer from this condition? What treatment can be given?

Is there any treatment for clubfoot?

What is the difference between osteogenic sarcoma and bone cancer that has metastasized from the breast cancer or prostate?

How does a broken leg with internal fixation increase the chance of osteomyelitis?

Pathologic Conditions
Fractures of Bones

What is the definition of a fracture?

What are the common names used for specific types of fractures?

What does reduction mean as it pertains to fractures?

The Musculoskeletal System

Pathologic Conditions

Normal Bone

Bone with osteoporosis

Image A = normal bone

Image B = bone with osteoporosis

What is osteoporosis? (decrease in bone density; thinning and weakening of bone)

How often should women get a bone density test?

Chapter 15
Lesson 15.2

Joints

Joint (articulation): coming together of two or more bones
Suture joints: immovable (skull)
Synovial joints: freely movable (ball and socket types, e.g. hip or shoulder), (hinge type, e.g., elbow, knee, ankle)
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

What are some examples of places on the body with joints?

Synovial Joints

Joint capsule surrounds bone
Ligaments band bones together
Bones covered by articular cartilage
Synovial membrane lies under capsule and lines synovial cavity; filled with synovial fluid
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Bursae

Closed sacks of synovial fluid with a synovial membrane located near, but not within a joint. Needed where sliding must take place
Common sites:
between tendons (connective tissue connecting muscle to bone) and bones
between ligaments (binding bone to bone) and bone
between skin and bones (with prominent bony anatomy)
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Name examples of bursae, such as elbow, knee and shoulder joints.

Which sports injuries are related to this topic?

Which bursae are associated with the knee and elbow?

Joints

Give the students examples of joints that look like the ones depicted in these figures.

QUICK QUIZ:

Connective tissue that binds muscles to bones____________

ligament

articulation

synovial membrane

tendon

CORRECT Answer is D, tendon

COMBINING FORMS

ankyl/o stiff
arthr/o joint
articul/o joint
burs/o bursa
chondr/o cartilage
Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES

COMBINING FORMS

ligament/o ligament
rheumat/o watery flow
synov/o synovial membrane
ten/o tendon
tendin/o tendon
Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES

SUFFIXES

-desis to bind, tie together
-stenosis narrowing
Suffix Meaning

Pathologic Conditions

Arthritis: inflammation of joints
Ankylosing spondylitis: chronic progressive stiffening of joints, mostly spine
Gouty arthritis: inflammation due to excessive uric acid in body
Osteoarthritis (OA): loss of articular cartilage and formation of bone spurs at articular surfaces
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): autoimmune reaction against joint tissues (synovial membrane)
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Can young people suffer from arthritis?

What is the most common complaint of older individuals?

What treatments are available for people who suffer from osteoarthritis? Rheumatoid arthritis?

What is commonly known as degenerative joint disease?

Osteoarthritis and
Rheumatoid Arthritis

Why do osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis occur?

What are the differences between the two types of arthritis?

Pathologic Conditions

Bunion: swelling of medial aspect of joint between big toe and first metatarsal bone
Carpal tunnel syndrome: compression of median nerve as it passes between ligament and bones and tendons of the wrist.
Dislocation: displacement of bone from a joint
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Why do women get bunions more often than men?

Pathological Joint Conditions (cont’d.)

The Musculoskeletal System

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Why is carpal tunnel syndrome considered a repetitive stress injury?

What can be done to alleviate carpal tunnel syndrome?

Ask students if they have suffered from carpal tunnel syndrome, and if so, what treatment was applied?

Ganglion: fluid filled cyst arising from joint capsule or tendon in the wrist

Best nursing writers on hand. Order a custom-written, plagiarism-free nursing paper on The Musculoskeletal System Essay Assignment paper from the best nursing essay writers.

Pathologic Conditions

Ganglion: a fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or a tendon in the wrist.
Herniation of an intervertebral disk: abnormal protrusion of the disk into the neural canal or against spinal nerves.
Lyme disease: recurrent arthritis, myalgia, malaise and neurologic and cardiac symptoms.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

How is sciatica related to herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)?

What is the cause of Lyme disease?

What is the main carrier of Lyme disease in the U.S.? (deer tick)

Define the term “vector”.

Pathologic Conditions (cont’d.)

The Musculoskeletal System

Sprain: trauma to joint with pain, swelling and injury to ligaments
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): chronic inflammatory disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart and lungs affecting collagen in tendons, ligaments, bones, and cartilage all over the body
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Ask the students if they have ever had a sprain to an ankle or knee.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), commonly called “lupus,” is believed to be an autoimmune disease. What is the accepted treatment?

Why does a rheumatologist treat a lupus patient? (arthritis)

Chapter 15
Lesson 15.3

Muscles

Three types of muscles: striated, smooth, cardiac
Striated: under voluntary control—they move all the bones as well as face and eyes
Smooth: control is involuntary—they move internal organs (digestive tract, blood vessels, ducts of glands)
Cardiac: not consciously controlled and found exclusively in the heart
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Which muscles are striated in appearance, smooth in character?

Types of Muscle

Go over the figure with students, pointing to the parts of the arm where they are most likely to notice striations.

Ask the students to describe smooth muscles.

Types of Muscle

Go over the figure with students, pointing to the parts of the arm where they are most likely to notice striations.

Ask the students to describe smooth muscles.

Named Skeletal Muscles

Go over the figure with the students. Ask them to label.

Students who exercise or are in weight training may be familiar with various muscle groups.

Can students name some muscle groups that are not pictured here? (e.g., latissimus dorsii, abductors, adductors)

The Musculoskeletal System

Named Skeletal Muscles

Go over the figure with the students.

Students who exercise or are in weight training may be familiar with various muscle groups.

Can students name some muscle groups that are not pictured here? (e.g., latissimus dorsii, abductors, adductors)

Actions of Muscles

Go over these definitions and demonstrate the movement on individuals.

Actions of Muscles (cont’d.)

QUICK QUIZ:

Movement AWAY from the midline of the body____________

adduction

abduction

flexion

dorsiflexion

CORRECT Answer is B, adbuction

The Musculoskeletal System

COMBINING FORMS

fasci/o facia
fibr/o fibrous
leiomy/o smooth muscle
my/o muscle
Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES

COMBINING FORMS

myocardi/o heart muscle
myos/o muscle
plant/o sole of the foot
rhabdomy/o skeletal muscle connected to bones
Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES

SUFFIXES

-asthenia lack of strength
-trophy development, nourishment
Suffix Meaning

COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES

PREFIXES

ab- away from
ad- toward
dorsi- back
poly- many, much
Prefix Meaning

COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES

Pathologic Conditions

Muscular dystrophy: group of inherited diseases with progressive muscle weakness and degeneration without nervous system involvement
Polymyositis: chronic inflammatory myopathy; may be an autoimmune disorder
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Muscular dystrophy typically affects children.

Laboratory Tests Related to Muscle

Antinuclear antibody test (ANA)
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Rheumatoid factor test (RF)
Serum calcium (Ca)
Serum creatine kinase (CK)
Uric acid test
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

For what conditions might an ESR be requested?

For what conditions would CK be indicated?

What is a uric acid test used to diagnose? (gout)

Clinical Procedures Related to Bones, Joints, and Muscle

Arthrocentesis
Arthrography
Arthroplasty
Arthroscopy
Bone density test
Bone scan
Computed tomography (CT)
Diskography
Electromyography (EMG)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Muscle biopsy
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The Musculoskeletal System

Best nursing writers on hand. Order a custom-written, plagiarism-free nursing paper on The Musculoskeletal System Essay Assignment paper from the best nursing essay writers.

The Musculoskeletal System Essay Assignment paper