Nonpharmacologic Management Essay Assignment paper
Nonpharmacologic Management Essay Assignment paper
Acute cough due to inflammation of the bronchioles, bronchi, and trachea; usually follows an upper respiratory infection or exposure to a chemical irritant.
ETIOLOGY
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- Adenovirus
- Rhinovirus
- Influenza A and B
- Parainfluenza
RISK FACTORS
- Upper respiratory infection
- Air pollutants
- Smoking and/or secondary exposure
- Reflux esophagitis
- Allergy
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Acute and chronic sinusitis
- Infants
- Older adults
- Immunosuppression
ASSESSMENT FINDINGS
- Cough: dry and nonproductive, then productive; may be purulent
- URI symptoms
- Fatigue
- Fever due to bacterial infection; more common in smokers and patients with COPD
- Fever due to viral cause (unusual after first few days)
- Burning sensation in chest
- Crackles, wheezes
- Chest wall pain
- Nonpharmacologic Management Essay Examples
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- Pneumonia
- Tuberculosis
- Asthma
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES
- Decision criteria for chest radiographs: tachypnea, hypoxia, fever, abnormal lung exam
- Only consider chest X-ray if high index of suspicion for pneumonia or superimposed heart failure
- Consider PPD: expect negative results
- PREVENTION
- Smoking cessation
- Avoid known respiratory irritants
- Treat underlying conditions that contribute to risk (asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, etc.)
- Influenza immunization for high-risk populations
NONPHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT
- Increase fluid intake
- Use humidifier
- Rest
- Smoking cessation
- Consider honey in children older than 1 year
- Patient education about disease, treatment, expected cause of cough, and emergency actions
PHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT
- Cough suppressants for nighttime relief
- Avoid antihistamines
- Antibiotics if organism is bacterial
- Antivirals if influenza diagnosed
- Decongestants and antihistamines are ineffective unless sinusitis or allergy is underlying
- Bronchodilators if wheezing or prior history of asthma
Nonpharmacologic Management
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